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Arduino is an open source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontroller and mocrocontroller kits for building digital devices. Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics project. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output pins.

Logic Gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. it is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output.  AND Gates A circuit which performs an AND operation. OR Gates A circuit which performs an OR operation. NOT Gate NOT Gate is also known as Inverter. NAND Gate A NOT-AND operation is known as NAND operation. NOR Gate A NOT-OR operation is known as NOR operation. XOR Gate XOR or Ex-OR gate is a special type of gate. it can be used in the half adder, full adder and subtractor. XNOR Gate XNOR gate is a special type of gate. it can be used in the half adder, full adder and subtractor.

                            ideal diode Ideal diode is two terminal which acts as perfect insulator when reverse biased and acts perfect conductor when forward biased. Characteristic  1. When ideal diode is forward biased. it acts as perfect conductor with zero resistance and zero voltage drop across it. When forward bias voltage increases the depletion layer width is also decrease and due to decrease in depletion layer the resistance across the diodes in forward bias condition decreases. 2. When ideal diode is reversed biased it acts as perfect insulator with infinite resistance and zero current through it. When reverse bias voltage across the diode increases the depletion layer width is increases and due to increase in depletion layer width the resistance in reverse bias condition across the diode increases. 3. Thus  Ideal diode acts as automatic switch. 4. which is closed in forward bias(i.e. acts as a cl...